Language and cognition
Language and language development are cognitive processes that involve the ability to understand and express thoughts through spoken and written words. This allows us to communicate with others and plays an important role in thought. Thus, language is a complex phenomenon that is closely associated with human cognition because a lot of cognitive processes are realized with the help of language. Language is the stable structure that develops within society, but it is perceived by persons individually. It is sometimes useful to say that thinking produces thoughts. The most easily identifiable thoughts are readily transformed into sentences or phrases, and this can make language seem like the hallmark(birthmark) of thought.
An area of particular interest to cognitive psychologists is how people use language incorrectly. Studying speech errors helps cognitive psychologists better understand normal language processing. One way of using language incorrectly is through slips of the tongue—inadvertent(accidentally) linguistic errors in what we say.
An anticipation error occurs when a later word in a sentence replaces an earlier word in the sentence.
For example, instead of saying "reading list," one says "leading list.“
The speaker uses a language element that was appropriate earlier in the sentence but that is not appropriate later on.
For example, one would say "black boxes," instead of "black boxes."
The speaker substitutes one language element for another.
For example, you may have warned someone to do something “after it is too late,” when you meant
“before it is too late.”
The speaker switches the positions of two language
elements.
An example is the reversal that reportedly led “Fluttery” to become a “butterfly.”
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